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The anti-Jewish violence in Poland from 1944–1946 refers to a series of violent incidents in Poland that immediately followed the end of World War II in Europe and influenced the postwar history of the Jews as well as Polish-Jewish relations. The exact number of Jewish victims is a subject of debate with 327 documented cases,〔 and the range, estimated by different writers, from 1,000〔 to 2,000 (a minority view).〔 Jews constituted between 2% and 3% of the total number of victims of postwar violence in the country,〔〔〔 including the Polish Jews who managed to survive the Holocaust on territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union.〔 The incidents ranged from individual attacks to pogroms. Partly as a result of this violence, but also because Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish emigration (''aliyah'') to Mandate Palestine,〔 the number of Jews on the territory of Poland changed dramatically in that period. Many Jews did not wish to remain in a place that reminded them of the Holocaust. Others aimed to pursue the Zionist objectives in Palestine. 〔Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, ( ''After the Holocaust: Polish-Jewish Conflict in the Wake of World War II'' ) (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, 2003), 35-36. ISBN 0-88033-511-4.〕 Uninterrupted traffic across the Polish borders intensified with many Jews passing through on their way west. In January 1946, there were 86,000 survivors registered with the Central Committee of Polish Jews (CKŻP). By the end of summer, the number had risen to about 205,000–210,000 (with 240,000 registrations and over 30,000 duplicates).〔 About 180,000 Jewish refugees came from the Soviet Union after the repatriation agreement.〔 Most left without visas or exit permits thanks to a decree of General Marian Spychalski.〔〔 A group of 435 Jews returned from Palestine to Poland in 1946, believing that the latter was actually safer, wrote ''Gazeta Ludowa'' of the Polish People's Party (PSL) on October 1, 1946.〔Archiwum Akt Nowych, GUKPPi W3, t. 1/7, k. 6, "Polska drugą ojczyzną," ''Gazeta Ludowa'', 1 October 1946.〕 By the spring of 1947 only 90,000 Jews resided in Poland.〔〔〔〔 Reasons for violent deaths have been attributed to usually indiscriminate postwar lawlessness as well as the raging anti-communist insurrection against the new pro-Soviet government, which cost the lives of tens of thousand of people. Among the Jewish victims of violence were numerous functionaries of the new Stalinist regime, assassinated by the anti-communist underground without racial motives, but simply due to their political loyalties.〔〔 Jan T. Gross noted that "only a fraction of (Jewish ) deaths could be attributed to anti-semitism",〔 and Jewish resistance fighter Marek Edelman said: "murdering Jews was pure banditry, and I wouldn't explain it as anti-Semitism".〔(The Jerusalem Post, January 23, 2008 editorial. )〕 But sometimes Jews were targeted due to their ethnicity, because of the pre-war and Nazi German propaganda, including the blood libel rumors.〔〔〔〔 The resentment towards returning Jews among some local Poles included concerns that they would reclaim their property.〔 They were sometimes seen as supporting the consolidation of power in the hands of the Soviet and Polish Stalinist regimes.〔〔〔 ==Background== After the war, Poles and Jews constituted two communities with two different but tragic war experiences, however the relations between Polish and Jewish communities worsened after the Soviet takeover of Poland in 1945. Polish Jewish survivors of the German Nazi Holocaust returning home were confronted with fears of being physically assaulted, robbed and even murdered by certain elements in the society.〔〔 The situation was further complicated by the fact that there were more Jewish survivors returning from the Soviet Union than those who managed to survive in occupied Poland,〔 thus leading to stereotypes holding Jews responsible for the imposition of Communism in Stalinist Poland. Members of the former Communist Party of Poland (KPP) were returning home from the Soviet Union as prominent functionaries of the new regime. Among them was a highly visible number of Poles of Jewish origin, who became active in the new Polish United Workers' Party and the Ministry of Public Security of Poland, among them Hilary Minc, the third in command in Bolesław Bierut's political apparatus and Jakub Berman, head of State Security Services (UB, Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) considered Joseph Stalin's right hand in Poland between 1944 and 1953.〔 Jewish representation in Bolesław Bierut's apparatus of political oppression was considerably higher than their share in the general Polish population.〔 Hypothesis emerged that Stalin had intentionally employed some of them in positions of repressive authority (see Gen. Roman Romkowski, Dir. Anatol Fejgin and others) in order to put Poles and Jews "on a collision course."〔 Study by the Polish Institute of National Remembrance showed that between 1944 and 1954 out of 450 people in director positions in the Ministry, 37.1% (or 167) were Jewish.〔 The underground anti-communist press held them responsible for the murder of Polish opponents of the new regime.〔 Historian Marek Jan Chodakiewicz estimates that in the first years after the war, the Jewish denunciations and direct involvement in the pro-Soviet wave of terror, resulted in the killing of approximately 3,500 to 6,500 non-Jewish Poles including members of the Home Army and National Armed Forces.〔〔Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, After the Holocaust: Polish-Jewish Conflict in the Wake of World War II (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, 2003), 213. ISBN 0-88033-511-4.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–46」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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